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Fluid Property Modules

Keyword(s) Fluid Property. For a new search enter search key word(s) then click GO GO

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Fluid Property   ±

Calculate pipe fitting gas and liquid density and viscosity.

Calculate liquid density, specific gravity, degrees Baume, degrees Twaddell, or degrees API. For liquids lighter than or equal to water the density can be defined as degrees API, or degrees Baume (Be-). For liquids heavier than water the density can be defined by degrees Baume (Be+), or degrees Twaddell.

Calculate gas density, viscosity and compressibility factor for: methane CH4, ethane C2H6, propane C3H8, iso-butane C4H10, n-butane C4H10, iso-pentane C5H12, n-pentane C5H12, n-hEAne C6H14, n-heptane C7H16, n-octane C8H18, n-nonane C9H20, n-decane C10H22, air N2 + O2, ammonia NH3, argon Ar, carbon dioxide CO2, carbon monoxide CO, chlorine Cl2, helium He, hydrogen H2, hydrogen chloride HCl, hydrogen sulphide H2S, nitrogen N2, oxygen O2, and steam H2O. The gas compressibility factor is calculated from the critical point temperature, critical point temperature, and the accentric factor using either the Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong or Van Der Waals equations of state (EOS).

Steam table properties can be calculated for water, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Compressible Flow Gas Property   ±

Calculate compressible flow gas properties.

Calculate gas specific heat constant pressure, specific heat constant volume, specific heat ratio, molar mass, gas constant, gas specific gravity, gas compressibility factor and density from gas temperature and pressure. The gas compressibility factor is calculated from the critical point temperature, critical point temperature, and the accentric factor using either the Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong or Van Der Waals equation of state (EOS).

Reference : Fluid Mechanics, Frank M White, McGraw Hill

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CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Pipeline And Sand Property   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Fluid Property   ±

Calculate API 520 gas and steam properties.

Properties include density, specific heat constant pressure, specific heat constant volume, specific heat ratio, molar mass, gas constant, gas specific gravity, and gas compressibility factor. The gas compressibility factor is calculated from the critical point temperature, critical point temperature, and the accentric factor using either the Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong or Van Der Waals equations of state (EOS).Steam properties are calculated from IAPWS R7-97, industrial properties of steam.

Gas specific gravity at standard conditions is approximately equal to the gas molar mass divided by the molar mass of dry air. The molar mass of dry air is taken as 28.964 kg/kg-mole.

Reference : API 520 Sizing, Selection And Installation Of Pressure Relieving Devices (2014)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Kinematic And Dynamic Viscosity   ±

Calculate dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity for single phase liquids.

Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. The specific gravity (SG) equals the fluid density divided by the density of water (1000 kg/m^3). For liquids lighter than or equal to water the density can be defined as degrees API, or degrees Baume (Be-). For liquids heavier than water the density can be defined by degrees Baume (Be+), or degrees Twaddell.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Gas Liquid Viscosity   ±

Calculate dynamic and kinematic viscosity for two phase gas liquids (gas and oil or gas and liquid).

Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction. The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. It is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Three Phase Gas Oil Water (Black Oil) Viscosity   ±

Calculate dynamic and kinematic viscosity for three phase black oil (gas oil and water).

Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction.

The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. The gas mass fraction is the ratio of gas mass to total fluid mass. The gas volume fraction is the ratio of gas volume to total fluid volume. Water cut is the ratio of water volume over total liquid volume (equals the water volume fraction in the liquid). Gas volume is dependent on fluid temperature and pressure. Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Water And Steam Viscosity   ±

Calculate dynamic and kinematic viscosity of water and steam from temperature and pressure.

The viscosity is calculated from temperature and density using the IAPWS R12-08 industrial equation (u2 = 1). The density can be calculated from temperature and pressure using IAPWS R7-97.

Note : There is an anomaly in the calculated viscosity and density close to the critical point. Refer to the help pages for more details (click the utility button on the data bar).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Kinematic And Dynamic Viscosity   ±

Calculate dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity for single phase gas.

Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. Gas specific gravity (SG) equals the gas molar mass divided by the molar mass of air (28.964 kg/kg-mol).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Saybolt Viscosity   ±

Calculate Saybolt universal seconds (SUS), and Saybolt Furol seconds (SFS) for a single phase liquid.

Saybolt viscometers are used to measure liquid viscosity by the time taken for a specified quantity of the liquid to flow downwards through a vertical tube. Viscosity can be entered as either

  • Dynamic viscosity
  • Kinematic viscosity
  • Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) measured at 100 F
  • Saybolt Universal Seconds at time T (SUST) measured at temperature T
  • Saybolt Furol Seconds (SFS122) measured at 122 F
  • Saybolt Furol Seconds (SFS210) measured at 210 F

Saybolt Universal seconds are measured with the universal tip. Saybolt Furol seconds are measured with the Furol tip. Saybolt Furol seconds are used for viscous liquids. The Saybolt viscometer is not suitable for fluids with a viscosity less than 1.8 centi Stokes (cSt), or 1.8e-6 meters square per second (m^2/s).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Fluid Density And Volume   ±

Calculate fluid density for single phase fluid (oil, water, or gas), two phase fluid (oil and gas, or oil and water), and three phase black oil (oil, water and gas).

The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters). The gas mass fraction is the ratio of gas mass to total fluid mass. The gas volume fraction is the ratio of gas volume to total fluid volume. Water cut is the ratio of water volume over total liquid volume (equals the water volume fraction in the liquid). Gas volume is dependent on fluid temperature and pressure.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Fluid Gas Oil Ratio GOR   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Liquid Water Cut Ratio   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Gas Liquid Density   ±

Calculate fluid density for two phase fluid (oil and gas, or gas and water).

The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. The gas mass fraction is the ratio of gas mass to total fluid mass. The gas volume fraction is the ratio of gas volume to total fluid volume. Gas volume is dependent on fluid temperature and pressure. Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Three Phase Gas Oil Water (Black Oil) Density   ±

Calculate fluid density for three phase black oil (oil, water and gas).

The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. The gas mass fraction is the ratio of gas mass to total fluid mass. The gas volume fraction is the ratio of gas volume to total fluid volume. Water cut is the ratio of water volume over total liquid volume (equals the water volume fraction in the liquid). Gas volume is dependent on fluid temperature and pressure. Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Single Phase Gas Specific Gravity   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Single Phase Liquid Specific Gravity   ±

Calculate liquid specific gravity for single phase liquid.

Liquid specific gravity is calculated relative to the density of water (1000 kg/m^3). Liquid density can also be defined as degrees API (liquids lighter than water), degrees Baume (liquids lighter than water or liquids heavier than water), or degrees Twaddell (liquids heavier than water).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Fluid Dosing Rate And Density   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Water And Steam Density   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Single Phase Gas Density   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Gas Liquid Heat Capacity   ±

Calculate two phase gas liquid heat capacity.

Fluid heat capacity can be calculated for single phase phase liqui. single phase gas, or combined liquid and gas. Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles over liquid volume. Gas moles are commonly measured by standard cubic feet (scf), and stand cubic meters (scm). Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Three Phase Gas Oil Water (Black Oil) Heat Capacity   ±

Calculate three phase gas oil water (black oil) heat capacity.

Black oil is a three phase mixture of oil, water and gas. Water cut is measured relative to the total liquid volume (gas volume is ignored). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is measured relative to the oil volume at standard conditions (water volume is ignored). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles over liquid volume. Gas moles are commonly measured by standard cubic feet (scf), and stand cubic meters (scm). Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Water And Steam Heat Capacity   ±

Calculate water and steam heat capacity from temperature and pressure (IAPWS R7-97).

Heat capacity and thermodynamic properties can be calculated for water and steam, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam. The calculations for water and steam are valid between 273.15 K and 1073.15 K (0 to 100 MPa), and between 1073.15 K and 2273.15 K (0 to 50 MPa).

The saturated water and steam calculations are valid between 273.15 K and 647.096 K.

Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Compressibility Factor   ±

Calculate gas compressibility factor or Z factor.

The compressibility factor is used to account for the non ideal behaviour of real gases. The non ideal gas law is expressed as

` P V = Z Ro T `

where :

P = gas pressure `
`T = gas temperature `
`V = gas mole volume `
`Z = gas compressibility factor `
`Ro = universal gas constant

The compressibility factor canbe calculated using either the Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong or Van Der Waals cubic equations of state (EOS), or using the virial equation.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Compressibility Factor From The Virial Equation   ±

Calculate gas compressibility factor or Z factor from the virial equation.

The compressibility factor is calculated using the second order virial equation

`Z = (P.vm) / (Ro .T) = 1 + B / (vm) `
`B = a - b.e^(c / T) `

where :

Z = the compressibility factor
P = gas pressure
T = gas temperature
vm = gas mole volume
Ro = the universal gas constant
B = the second order virial coefficient
a, b, c are Virial constants

The gas mole volume is calculated by solving the quadratic equation, and the compressibility factor is calculated from the mole volume.

Reference : Kaye And Laby : Tables Of Physical And Chemical Constants

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Compressibility Factor From The Cubic Equation   ±

Calculate gas compressibility factor or Z factor from the cubic equation (Poling).

The compressibility factor is used to account for the non ideal behaviour of real gases. The non ideal gas law is expressed as

`P V = Z Ro T `

where :

P = gas pressure
T = gas temperature
V = gas mole volume
Z = gas compressibility factor
Ro = universal gas constant

The compressibility factor can be calculated using either the Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong or Van Der Waals cubic equations of state (EOS). The gas data is taken from Poling.

Reference : Poling, Prausnitz And O'Connell : The Properties of Gases And Liquids : McGraw Hill

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Fluid Mixture From Kay's Rule   ±

Calculate pseudo-critical properties (temperature, pressure, accentric factor, molar mass) of a fluid mixture using the simple form of Kay's rule with no interaction parameters.

The mole fraction of component one is automatically adjusted so that the sum of the mole fractions equals one. The mixture properties are approximate.

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : Fluid Vapour Pressure   ±
    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Table   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 steam tables from temperature and pressure.

    Steam table properties can be calculated for water and steam, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Vapour Pressure   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 saturated vapour pressure and temperature.

    The saturation point can be calculated from either the saturation temperature, or the saturation pressure.

    Steam properties can be calculated for saturated liquid, saturated vapour, and mixed saturated liquid and vapour from quality factor. The enthalpy and internal energy are calculated from the mass. Use the Result Plot option to plot the steam pressure and steam properties versus temperature.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Volume And Mass   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 steam table properties, and steam energy from temperature, pressure and mass.

    Steam table properties can be calculated for water and steam, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam. The enthalpy and internal energy are calculated from the mass. Use the Result Plot option to plot the steam properties versus temperature and pressure.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Volume And Mass Flow Rate   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 steam table properties, and steam power from temperature, pressure and mass flow rate.

    Steam table properties can be calculated for water and steam, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam. The enthalpy rate and internal energy rate (or power) are calculated from the mass flow rate.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Boiler Power   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 steam boiler power from temperature, pressure and mass flow rate.

    The boiler power is calculated from the change of enthalpy between the inlet water, and the outlet steam. The boiler power can be calculated for either dry steam (boiler plus super heater), or saturated steam (boiler only). For dry steam the boiler power includes the combined power of the boiler and super heater. The boiler pressure is assumed constant. The enthalpy change is positive.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Condenser Power   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 steam condenser power from temperature, pressure and mass flow rate.

    The condenser power is calculated from the change of enthalpy between the inlet steam, and the outlet water. The enthalpy change is negative for a condenser. The condenser pressure is assumed constant.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Turbine Power   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 steam turbine or steam engine power from temperature, pressure and mass flow rate.

    The turbine power is calculated from the change of enthalpy between the inlet and outlet conditions. The enthalpy change is negative for a turbine (postive work). Heat losses from the turbine, phase changes, fluid velocity and elevation are ignored. Check the phase of the inlet and outlet fluid.

    The maximum work power corresponds to an isentropic process with delta specific entropy = 0 (isentropic efficiency = 100%). Check that the delta specific entropy is ≥ 0. Negative changes in specific entropy are not thermodynamically valid. The turbine efficiency factor E accounts for the mechanical efficiency of the turbine only. It does not include the isentropic efficiency.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Work Or Heat Power   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 steam work or heat power for a general system from temperature, pressure and mass flow rate.

    The heat or work power is calculated from the change of enthalpy between the inlet and outlet fluids. Check the phase of the inlet and outlet fluid. The enthalpy change is positive if heat or work is added to the system, and negative if heat or work are removed from the system.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Boiler Feed Pump Power   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 boiler feed pump power from pressure and mass flow rate.

    Changes of elevation and velocity are ignored.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Quality   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 wet saturated steam quality from throttling calorimeter outlet temperature.

    The steam expansion through the calorimeter is assumed to be adiabatic. The outlet pressure is normally atmospheric. The calculation is only valid for dry steam at the outlet of the calorimeter. Wet steam will give an incorrect result.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Adiabatic Constant Enthalpy   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 constant enthalpy adiabatic steam temperature from initial enthalpy and final pressure.

    For an adiabatic process the enthalpy is constant. Initial enthalpy can be calculated from the steam table or user defined. The anomaly zone is set to region 2 (region 3 does not converge properly).

    Note : The steam is assumed to be stationary at the initial and final conditions. For moving steam use the constant entropy calculator for constant stagnation enthalpy (ho = h + 1/2 V^2).

    Use the Result Plot option to plot final (adiabatic) properties versus initial enthalpy.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Isentropic Constant Entropy   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 constant entropy isentropic steam temperature from initial entropy and final pressure.

    For an isentropic process the entropy is constant. Initial entropy can be calculated from the steam table or user defined. The anomaly zone is set to region 2 (region 3 does not converge properly).

    Note : For an isentropic process the stagnation enthalpy is constant (ho = h + 1/2 V^2). The stagnation enthalpy can be used to calculate the steam velocity.

    Use the Result Plot option to plot final (isentropic) steam properties versus initial entropy.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Isoenergetic Constant Internal Energy   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 constant internal energy isoenergetic steam temperature from initial internal energu and final pressure.

    For an isoenergetic process the internal energy is constant. Initial internal energy can be calculated from the steam table or user defined. The anomaly zone is set to region 2 (region 3 does not converge properly). Use the Result Plot option to plot final (isoenergetic) properties and temperature versus initial internal energy.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Isentropic Efficiency   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 steam isentropic efficiency from inlet and outlet temperature and pressure.

    Isentropic efficiency is the ratio of the change in enthalpy of an actual process over the change in enthalpy of an isentropic constant entropy process. The maximum possible isentropic efficiency is 100%. For an isentropic process the change in entropy equals 0. The actual change in entropy must be ≥ 0. For a steam turbine the output work is ≤ the change in enthalpy. The turbine efficiency is the ratio of output work over the change in enthalpy.

    The inlet temperature and pressure are assumed to be greater than the outlet temperature and pressure. The anomaly zone is set to region 2 (region 3 does not converge properly). Use the Result Plot option to plot isentropic properties and isentropic temperature versus outlet pressure.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Critical Flow   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 isentropic steam critical flow properties from stagnation temperature and pressure.

    Flow properties can be calculated for either critical flow, or from a user defined flowing pressure. Flow properties are valid for the vapour phase only. For critical flow the mass flux is a maximum. theoretical critical Mach number equals 1. The Mach number will vary for a user defined flowing pressure. The flowing velocity is calculated from the stagnation enthalpy (ho = h + 1/2 V^2). The anomaly zone is set to region 2 (region 3 does not converge properly). Use the Result Plot option to plot isentropic flowing properties and isentropic temperature versus either flowing pressure or Mach number.

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Nozzle   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 isentropic steam nozzle flow properties from stagnation temperature and pressure.

    For critical flow the mass flux is a maximum (theoretical critical Mach number equals 1). The flowing velocity is calculated from the stagnation enthalpy (ho = h + 1/2 V^2). If the ambient pressure is greater than the critical nozzle pressure the flow is sub critical. Flow properties are valid for the vapour phase only. Check the nozzle density and Mach number to ensure the calculations are valid. The anomaly zone is set to region 2 (region 3 does not converge properly). Use the Result Plot option to plot isentropic nozzle properties versus stagnation temperature and pressure, and mass flow rate versus either nozzle diameter or nozzle area (the plot calculation is slow - a modern browser is recommended).

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Fresh Water Density At Atmospheric Pressure   ±

    Calculate IAPWS R7-97 fresh water density from temperature at atmospheric pressure.

    The calculation is valid between the melting point (273.15 K), and the boiling point (373.15 K).

    Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model.

    Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : TEOS-10 Seawater Density   ±

    Calculate TEOS-10 seawater density from temperature, pressure and practical salinity.

    The hydrostatic pressure used in TEOS-10 can be calculated from water depth or relative elevation. The water density is assumed constant. Changes in water density with water depth, salinity and temperature are ignored. Elevation is measured relative to an arbitrary datum (+ve up -ve down). Mean sea level (MSL) is often used as a datum.

    Reference : TEOS-10 Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater (2010)

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : TEOS-10 Seawater Conductivity   ±

    Calculate TEOS-10 seawater conductivity from pressure, temperature and practical salinity.

    Practical salinity is measured by comparing the sea water conductivity with a reference conductivity.

    To convert pressure: 1 MPa = 100 dbar (deci bars) or 1 dbar = 1e4 Pa. To convert conductivity 1 S/m = 10 mS/cm.

    Reference : TEOS-10 Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater (2010)

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : TEOS-10 Seawater Salinity   ±

    Calculate TEOS-10 seawater practical salinity from pressure, temperature and conductivity.

    Practical salinity is measured by comparing the sea water conductivity with a reference conductivity.

    To convert pressure: 1 MPa = 100 dbar (deci bars) or 1 dbar = 1e4 Pa. To convert conductivity 1 S/m = 10 mS/cm.

    Reference : TEOS-10 Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater (2010)

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : TEOS-10 Seawater Dynamic And Kinematic Viscosity   ±

    Calculate TEOS-10 seawater dynamic and kinematic viscosity from temperature, pressure, and practical salinity.

    Seawater viscosity is calculated from fresh water viscosity using the equation from Sharqawy (2010). The fresh water viscosity is calculated from temperature and density using the IAPWS R12-08 industrial equations. Practical salinity = parts per thousand of dissolved solids (mainly salt). The absolute salinity is taken as 35.16504 / 35 times the practical salinity (absolute salinity equals reference salinity). The absolute salinity anomaly δSA is ignored.

    Reference : TEOS-10 Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater (2010)

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : TEOS-10 Seawater Vapour Pressure   ±

    Calculate TEOS-10 seawater vapour pressure from temperature, and practical salinity.

    Seawater vapour pressure is calculated from fresh water vapour pressure using the equation from Sharqawy (2010). The fresh water vapour pressure is calculated from temperature using the IAPWS R7-97 steam equations. Practical salinity = parts per thousand of dissolved solids (mainly salt). The absolute salinity is taken as 35.16504 / 35 times the practical salinity (absolute salinity equals reference salinity). The absolute salinity anomaly δSA is ignored.

    Reference : TEOS-10 Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater (2010)

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    CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME Steam Table   ±

    Calculate ASME steam tables from temperature and pressure.

    Steam Table table properties can be calculated for water and steam, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam. Use the plot and table options to generate tables and plots of steam and water properties. The saturation point can be calculated from either the saturation temperature, or the saturation pressure. Use the Result Plot option to plot steam properties versus temperature and pressure.

    Note : The steam tables are caculated from IAPWS R7-97 industrial steam properties. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model. There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the regions 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details.

      Related Modules :

      CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R12-08 Fresh Water Dynamic And Kinematic Viscosity   ±

      Calculate the dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity of water and steam using the IAPWS R12-08 industrial equation (u2 = 1).

      The viscosity can be either calculated directly from temperature and density, or from temperature and pressure using IAPWS R7-97 to calculate the density.

      Note : There is an anomaly in the calculated density and viscosity close to the critical point. Refer to the help pages for more details (click the utility button on the data bar).

      References :

      IAPWS R12-08 Industrial Formulation 2008 for the Viscosity of Ordinary Water Substance
      IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam

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        CALCULATOR MODULE : Spherical Tank Or Pressure Vessel Volume   ±

        Calculate the fluid volume and mass for a full or part full spherical tanks and pressure vessels.

        Fluid volume and mass can be calculated for liquid tanks (the gas volume is ignored), gas tanks (full tank only), and mixed gas and liquid tanks. For part full tanks the fluid level is measured from the inside base of the tank.

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        CALCULATOR MODULE : Cylindrical Tank Or Pressure Vessel Volume   ±

        Calculate the fluid volume and mass for a full or part full cylindrical tanks and pressure vessels.

        Fluid volume and mass can be calculated for liquid tanks (the gas volume is ignored), gas tanks (full tank only), and mixed gas and liquid tanks. For part full tanks the fluid level is measured from the inside base of the tank. Cylindrical tanks can be either horizontla or certical. Tank ends can be either flat, or spherical. Pressure vessels normally have spherical ends.

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        CALCULATOR MODULE : Rectangular Tank Or Pressure Vessel Volume   ±

        Calculate the fluid volume and mass for a full or part full rectangular tanks and vessels.

        Fluid volume and mass can be calculated for liquid tanks only (the gas volume is ignored). For part full tanks the fluid level is measured from the inside base of the tank. Rectangular tanks are assumed to be unpressurised.

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        CALCULATOR MODULE : Tank Or Pressure Vessel Piping Volume   ±

        Calculate the fluid volume and mass for tank and vessel piping.

        Fluid volume and mass can be calculated for liquid piping, gas piping, two phase gas and liquid piping, or three phase gas, water and oil (black oil). The piping is assumed to be full and mixed (ie flowing).

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        CALCULATOR MODULE : Tank Or Pressure Vessel Diameter And Circumference   ±

        Calculate the circumference and inside diameter for circular tanks and vessels.

        Measuring the external circumference of a tank or vessel is a common method to calculate the tank outside diameter. The tank inside diameter can be calculated by subtracting 2 x the tank wall thickness from the tank outside diameter.

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        CALCULATOR MODULE : Yaws Gas Density From Critical Point   ±

        Calculate gas density from critical pressure, critical temperature and acentric factor data for organic and inorganic fluids (Yaws).

        The compressibility factor can be calculated from either the Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong, or van der Waals cubic equation. The compressibility factor calculation is valid for gas phase only. The gas specific gravity is approximately equal to the ratio of the gas molar mass over the molar mass of air (28.964 g/mol).

        Reference : Yaws Chemical Properties Handbook, McGraw Hill
        DATA MODULE : Fluid Density And Specific Gravity ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
        DATA MODULE : Fluid Dynamic And Kinematic Viscosity ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
        DATA MODULE : Fluid Critical Point And Molar Mass ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
        DATA MODULE : Fluid Specific Heat Capacity ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
        DATA MODULE : Fluid Compressibility Factor ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±

        Fluid ideal gas law Z factor or compressibility factor data.

        The Z factor is commonly used to adjust the ideal gas law to account for the behaviour of real gases. The Z factor can be obtained from tables, or calculated using cubic equations of state (Van Der Waals, Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong equations), or from other relationships such as the Virial equation.

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          DATA MODULE : Fluid Thermal Expansion Coefficient ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±

          Fluid thermal expansion coefficient data.

          Thermal expansion is commonly measured as either volumetric expansion (relative change of volume dV/(V.dT)), or as linear expansion (relative change of length (dL/(L.dT)). The volumetric expansion is approximately three times the linear expansion.

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            DATA MODULE : Fluid Surface Tension ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±

            Fluid surface tension data.

            Surface tension is the attrative force between the molecules on the surface of a liquid. Surface tension causes the miniscus to form on the boundary between a liquid and a solid. Surface tension has units force per length.

              Related Modules :

              DATA MODULE : Fluid Vapour Pressure ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Yaws Critical Point And Accentric Factor ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Methane Gas And Liquid ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Ethane Gas And Liquid ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Ethene Gas And Liquid ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Propane Gas And Liquid ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Propene Gas And Liquid ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Butane Gas And Liquid ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Iso-Butane Gas And Liquid ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Ammonia Gas And Liquid ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Water And Steam ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Nitrogen Gas And Liquid ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Air Gas And Liquid ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
              DATA MODULE : Carbon Dioxide Gas And Liquid ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
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